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Impact indicators
This page summarises all calculated impact indicators, which are included into the measure property. It should be noted that the impact indicators are being calculated both on the level of the research output as well on the level of distinct DOIs. Below we explain their main intuition, the way they are calculated, and their most important limitations, in an attempt help avoiding common pitfalls and misuses.
Citation Count (CC)
Short description: This is the most widely used scientific impact indicator, which sums all citations received by each article. Citation count can be viewed as a measure of a publication's overall impact, since it conveys the number of other works that directly drew on it.
Algorithmic details:
The citation count of a
publication i corresponds to the in-degree of the corresponding node in the underlying citation network: s_i = \sum_{j} A_{i,j},
where A is the adjacency matrix of the network (i.e., A_{i,j}=1 when paper j cites paper i, while A_{i,j}=0 otherwise).
Parameters: -
Limitations: OpenAIRE collects data from specific data sources which means that part of the existing literature may not be considered when computing this indicator. Also, since some indicators require the publication year for their calculation, we consider only research products for which we can gather this information from at least one data source.
Environment: PySpark
References: -
Authority: ATHENA RC • License: GPL-2.0 • Code: BIP! Ranker
"Incubation" Citation Count (iCC)
Short description:
This measure is essentially a time-restricted version of the citation count, where the time window is distinct for each paper, i.e.,
only citations y years after its publication are counted.
Algorithmic details:
The "incubation" citation count of a paper i is
calculated as: s_i = \sum_{j,t_j \leq t_i+y} A_{i,j}, where A is the adjacency matrix and t_j, t_i are the citing and cited paper's
publication years, respectively. t_i is cited paper $i$'s publication year. iCC can be seen as an indicator of a paper's initial momentum
(impulse) directly after its publication.
Parameters:
y=3
Limitations: OpenAIRE collects data from specific data sources which means that part of the existing literature may not be considered when computing this indicator. Also, since some indicators require the publication year for their calculation, we consider only research products for which we can gather this information from at least one data source.
Environment: PySpark
References:
- Vergoulis, T., Kanellos, I., Atzori, C., Mannocci, A., Chatzopoulos, S., Bruzzo, S. L., Manola, N., & Manghi, P. (2021, April). Bip! db: A dataset of impact measures for scientific publications. In Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021 (pp. 456-460).
Authority: ATHENA RC • License: GPL-2.0 • Code: BIP! Ranker
PageRank (PR)
Short description: Originally developed to rank Web pages, PageRank has been also widely used to rank publications in citation networks. In this latter context, a publication's PageRank score also serves as a measure of its influence.
Algorithmic details:
The PageRank score of a publication is calculated
as its probability of being read by a researcher that either randomly selects publications to read or selects
publications based on the references of her latest read. Formally, the score of a publication i is given by:
s_i = \alpha \cdot \sum_{j} P_{i,j} \cdot s_j + (1-\alpha) \cdot \frac{1}{N}
where P is the stochastic transition matrix, which corresponds to the column normalised version of adjacency
matrix A, \alpha \in [0,1], and N is the number of publications in the citation network. The first addend
of the equation corresponds to the selection (with probability $\alpha$) of following a reference, while the
second one to the selection of randomly choosing any publication in the network. It should be noted that the
score of each publication relies of the score of publications citing it (the algorithm is executed iteratively
until all scores converge). As a result, PageRank differentiates citations based on the importance of citing
articles, thus alleviating the corresponding issue of the Citation Count.
Parameters:
\alpha = 0.5, convergence\_error = 10^{-12}
Limitations: OpenAIRE collects data from specific data sources which means that part of the existing literature may not be considered when computing this indicator. Also, since some indicators require the publication year for their calculation, we consider only research products for which we can gather this information from at least one data source.
Environment: PySpark
References:
- Page, L., Brin, S., Motwani, R., & Winograd, T. (1999). The PageRank citation ranking: Bringing order to the web. Stanford InfoLab.
Authority: ATHENA RC • License: GPL-2.0 • Code: BIP! Ranker
RAM
Short description: RAM is essentially a modified Citation Count, where recent citations are considered of higher importance compared to older ones. Hence, it better captures the popularity of publications. This "time-awareness" of citations alleviates the bias of methods like Citation Count and PageRank against recently published articles, which have not had "enough" time to gather as many citations.
Algorithmic details:
The RAM score of each paper i is calculated as follows:
s_i = \sum_j{R_{i,j}}
where R is the so-called Retained Adjacency Matrix (RAM) and R_{i,j}=\gamma^{t_c-t_j} when publication j cites publication
i, and R_{i,j}=0 otherwise. Parameter \gamma \in (0,1), t_c corresponds to the current year and t_j corresponds to the
publication year of citing article j.
Parameters:
\gamma = 0.6
Limitations: OpenAIRE collects data from specific data sources which means that part of the existing literature may not be considered when computing this indicator. Also, since some indicators require the publication year for their calculation, we consider only research products for which we can gather this information from at least one data source.
Environment: PySpark
References:
- Ghosh, R., Kuo, T. T., Hsu, C. N., Lin, S. D., & Lerman, K. (2011, December). Time-aware ranking in dynamic citation networks. In 2011 ieee 11^{th} international conference on data mining workshops (pp. 373-380). IEEE.
Authority: ATHENA RC • License: GPL-2.0 • Code: BIP! Ranker
AttRank
Short description: AttRank is a PageRank variant that alleviates its bias against recent publications (i.e., it is tailored to capture popularity). AttRank achieves this by modifying PageRank's probability of randomly selecting a publication. Instead of using a uniform probability, AttRank defines it based on a combination of the publication's age and the citations it received in recent years.
Algorithmic details:
The AttRank score
of each publication i is calculated based on:
s_i = \alpha \cdot \sum_{j} P_{i,j} \cdot s_j
+ \beta \cdot Att(i)+ \gamma \cdot c \cdot e^{-\rho \cdot (t_c-t_i)}
where \alpha + \beta + \gamma =1 and \alpha,\beta,\gamma \in [0,1]. Att(i) denotes a recent attention-based score for publication i,
which reflects its share of citations in the y most recent years, t_i is the publication year of article i, t_c denotes the current
year, and c is a normalisation constant. Finally, P is the stochastic transition matrix.
Parameters:
\alpha = 0.2, \beta = 0.5, \gamma = 0.3, \rho = -0.16, convergence\_error = 10^-{12}
Note that recent attention is based on the 3 most recent years (including current one).
Limitations: OpenAIRE collects data from specific data sources which means that part of the existing literature may not be considered when computing this indicator. Also, since some indicators require the publication year for their calculation, we consider only research products for which we can gather this information from at least one data source.
Environment: PySpark
References:
- Kanellos, I., Vergoulis, T., Sacharidis, D., Dalamagas, T., & Vassiliou, Y. (2021, April). Ranking papers by their short-term scientific impact. In 2021 IEEE 37th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE) (pp. 1997-2002). IEEE.
Authority: ATHENA RC • License: GPL-2.0 • Code: BIP! Ranker